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Virtualization is a technology which uses hypervisors. These create multiple virtual machines on a single physical server, and each has its own operating system.
Containerization packages applications with their dependencies into containers, running on a single OS kernel but isolated from each other.
Virtualization: VMs have their own OS. Containerization: Containers share the host OS.
Virtualization: Requires more resources due to multiple OS instances. Containerization: More efficient, sharing the host OS kernel.
Virtualization: Slightly slower due to the hypervisor layer. Containerization: Faster startup and performance with minimal overhead.
Virtualization: Strong isolation, each VM is completely separate. Containerization: Isolation is weaker but sufficient for most applications.